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In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests. It asks the following question: if each box of a given product (e.g., breakfast cereals) contains a coupon, and there are n different types of coupons, what is the probability that more than t boxes need to be bought ...
In statistics, the k th order statistic of a statistical sample is equal to its k th-smallest value. [ 1 ] Together with rank statistics, order statistics are among the most fundamental tools in non-parametric statistics and inference . Important special cases of the order statistics are the minimum and maximum value of a sample, and (with some ...
Conditional expectation. In probability theory, the conditional expectation, conditional expected value, or conditional mean of a random variable is its expected value evaluated with respect to the conditional probability distribution. If the random variable can take on only a finite number of values, the "conditions" are that the variable can ...
It represents an outcome of (=) whenever a value x of X is observed. The conditional probability of A given X can thus be treated as a random variable Y with outcomes in the interval [,]. From the law of total probability, its expected value is equal to the unconditional probability of A.
This is because, in measure theory, the value of the Lebesgue integral of X is defined via weighted averages of approximations of X which take on finitely many values. [19] Moreover, if given a random variable with finitely or countably many possible values, the Lebesgue theory of expectation is identical to the summation formulas given above.
Conditional variance. In probability theory and statistics, a conditional variance is the variance of a random variable given the value (s) of one or more other variables. Particularly in econometrics, the conditional variance is also known as the scedastic function or skedastic function. [ 1] Conditional variances are important parts of ...
Conditional probability distribution. In probability theory and statistics, the conditional probability distribution is a probability distribution that describes the probability of an outcome given the occurrence of a particular event. Given two jointly distributed random variables and , the conditional probability distribution of given is the ...
Normalization (statistics) In statistics and applications of statistics, normalization can have a range of meanings. [ 1] In the simplest cases, normalization of ratings means adjusting values measured on different scales to a notionally common scale, often prior to averaging. In more complicated cases, normalization may refer to more ...