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Coupon collector's problem. In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests. It asks the following question: if each box of a given product (e.g., breakfast cereals) contains a coupon, and there are n different types of coupons, what is the probability that more ...
Conditional expectation. In probability theory, the conditional expectation, conditional expected value, or conditional mean of a random variable is its expected value evaluated with respect to the conditional probability distribution. If the random variable can take on only a finite number of values, the "conditions" are that the variable can ...
The violet is the mutual information . In information theory, the conditional entropy quantifies the amount of information needed to describe the outcome of a random variable given that the value of another random variable is known. Here, information is measured in shannons, nats, or hartleys. The entropy of conditioned on is written as .
A boundary condition which specifies the value of the normal derivative of the function is a Neumann boundary condition, or second-type boundary condition. For example, if there is a heater at one end of an iron rod, then energy would be added at a constant rate but the actual temperature would not be known. If the boundary has the form of a ...
The condition number is derived from the theory of propagation of uncertainty, and is formally defined as the value of the asymptotic worst-case relative change in output for a relative change in input. The "function" is the solution of a problem and the "arguments" are the data in the problem. The condition number is frequently applied to ...
Initial value problem. In multivariable calculus, an initial value problem[ a] ( IVP) is an ordinary differential equation together with an initial condition which specifies the value of the unknown function at a given point in the domain. Modeling a system in physics or other sciences frequently amounts to solving an initial value problem.
In mathematics and particularly in dynamic systems, an initial condition, in some contexts called a seed value, [ 1]: pp. 160 is a value of an evolving variable at some point in time designated as the initial time (typically denoted t = 0). For a system of order k (the number of time lags in discrete time, or the order of the largest derivative ...
In mathematics, the Neumann (or second-type) boundary condition is a type of boundary condition, named after Carl Neumann. [ 1] When imposed on an ordinary or a partial differential equation, the condition specifies the values of the derivative applied at the boundary of the domain . It is possible to describe the problem using other boundary ...