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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening. Idealized image of water softening process involving replacement of calcium ions in water with sodium ions donated by a cation-exchange resin. Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is ...

3. Lime softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_softening

   Lime softening. Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark 's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater ( calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation. The process is also effective at removing a ...

4. Backwashing (water treatment) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment)

   Water to be filtered is then applied to the filter surface until the filter clogs and the backwash cycle needs to be repeated. [3]: 264–8 [4]: 10.53–10.58 [5]: 937–9 [6]: 8.11–8.18 [7]: 353–6 Some water treatment filters use surface wash systems that break up the heavily clogged, granular media surface layer.

5. Water distribution system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_distribution_system

   An example of a water distribution system: a pumping station, a water tower, water mains, fire hydrants, and service lines [1] [2]. A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to consumers to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and fire fighting requirements.

6. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

   Reverse osmosis ( RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even distributions. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances (principally bacteria ), and is used ...

7. Dissolved air flotation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation

   Dissolved air flotation. Dissolved air flotation ( DAF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids. The removal is achieved by dissolving air in the water or wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank basin.