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TNM staging system. The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors ( TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system.
Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, is a group of cancers that starts in the kidney. [4] Symptoms may include blood in the urine, a lump in the abdomen, or back pain. [1] [2] [3] Fever, weight loss, and tiredness may also occur. [1] [2] [3] Complications can include spread to the lungs or brain. [6]
Lung cancer staging is the assessment of the extent to which a lung cancer has spread from its original source. As with most cancers, staging is an important determinant of treatment and prognosis. In general, more advanced stages of cancer are less amenable to treatment and have a worse prognosis. The initial evaluation of non-small cell lung ...
Euthyroid sick syndrome ( ESS) is a state of adaptation or dysregulation of thyrotropic feedback control [ 1] wherein the levels of T3 and/or T4 are abnormal, but the thyroid gland does not appear to be dysfunctional. This condition may result from allostatic responses of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid feedback control, dyshomeostatic disorders ...
[3] [4] Cancer can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms are often nonspecific, meaning they may be general phenomena that do not point directly to a specific disease process. [5] In medicine, a sign is an objective piece of data that can be measured or observed, as in a high body temperature (fever), a rash, or a bruise. [6]
Cancer immunotherapy ( immuno-oncotherapy) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. [ 1] It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology ( immuno-oncology) and a growing subspecialty of oncology . Cancer immunotherapy exploits the fact that ...
1.8 million (2020) [ 3] Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung. Lung cancer is caused by genetic damage to the DNA of cells in the airways, often caused by cigarette smoking or inhaling damaging chemicals. Damaged airway cells gain the ability to multiply unchecked, causing the growth of a tumor.
Bladder cancer is most common in wealthier regions of the world, where exposure to certain carcinogens is highest. It is also common in places where schistosome infection is common, such as North Africa. [176] Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. [11]