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Internals of a Getrag 282 manual transmission for a front-wheel-drive vehicle ( Oldsmobile Cutlass) A manual transmission ( MT ), also known as manual gearbox, standard transmission (in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States), or stick shift (in the United States), is a multi-speed motor vehicle transmission system, where gear ...
This system is an add-on for the conventional unsynchronized manual transmission. [76] ZF AS Tronic: an automated manual transmission; introduced in 2003, and used in trucks, buses, and coaches. Eaton AutoShift: introduced in the early 2000s as an add-on to traditional non-synchromesh manual transmission for heavy trucks. [77]
A transmission control unit ( TCU ), also known as a transmission control module ( TCM ), or a gearbox control unit ( GCU ), is a type of automotive ECU that is used to control electronic automatic transmissions. Similar systems are used in conjunction with various semi-automatic transmissions, purely for clutch automation and actuation.
A traction control system ( TCS ), is typically (but not necessarily) a secondary function of the electronic stability control (ESC) on production motor vehicles, designed to prevent loss of traction (i.e., wheelspin) of the driven road wheels. TCS is activated when throttle input and engine power and torque transfer are mismatched to the road ...
Most systems use solenoids which are controlled by either the engine control unit, or a separate transmission control unit. This allows for more precise control of shift points, shift quality, lower shift times and manual control. The first five-speed automatic was the ZF 5HP18 transmission, debuting in 1991 on various BMW models.
A preselector gearbox is a type of manual transmission mostly used on passenger cars and racing cars in the 1930s, in buses from 1940–1960 and in armoured vehicles from the 1930s to the 1970s. The defining characteristic of a preselector gearbox is that the gear shift lever allowed the driver to "pre-select" the next gear, usually with the ...
The out-of-the-loop performance problem (OOL or OOTL [1]) arises when an operator suffers from performance decrement as a consequence of automation. [2] [3] The potential loss of skills and of situation awareness caused by vigilance and complacency problems might make operators of automated systems unable to operate manually in case of system ...
RFC (s) RFC 9293. The Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery ...