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X-rays (X-radiation) are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. In many languages, it is referred to as Röntgen radiation, after the German scientist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered it in 1895 [1] and named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.
X-ray optics. X-ray optics is the branch of optics that manipulates X-rays instead of visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and ...
The X-ray colors represent the temperature of the X-ray emission from each star: hot stars are blue-white and cooler stars are yellow-red. The brightest object in the optical image is the full moon, which is also in the X-ray image. The X-ray image was actually obtained by the ROSAT satellite during the All-Sky Survey phase in 1990–1991.
X-ray fluorescence. XRF scanning of the Rembrandt -painting Syndics of the Drapers' Guild. A handheld XRF analyzer gun. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by being bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.
X-ray reflectivity. X-ray reflectivity (sometimes known as X-ray specular reflectivity, X-ray reflectometry, or XRR) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to characterize surfaces, thin films and multilayers. [1][2][3][4][5] It is a form of reflectometry based on the use of X-rays and is ...
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions. By measuring the angles and intensities of the X-ray diffraction, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of ...
X-ray absorption (left) and differential phase-contrast (right) image of an in-ear headphone obtained with a grating interferometer at 60kVp. Phase-contrast X-ray imaging or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images.
X-ray reflectivity is an analytical technique for determining thickness, roughness, and density of single layer and multilayer thin films. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), a technique concentrating on scattering angles 2θ larger than 5°. Spectrum of various inelastic scattering processes that can be probed with inelastic X-ray scattering ...